Index

Histoire(s) de l’Internet, Coordonné par Tiphaine Zetlaoui, Revue CIRCAV n°24 ISBN : 978-2-343-06079-8 • avril 2015 Sommaire Tiphaine Zetlaoui - Avant-propos Valérie Schafer, Camille Paloque-Berges, Fanny Georges - La culture Internet au risque du Web Malik Bozzo-Rey - Les enjeux normatifs et politiques de la société numérique Tiphaine Zetlaoui - Histoires(s) politique(s) de l’Internet : de l’amnésie au formatage idéologique Hervé Fisher - Requestionner Mc Luhan par rapport à l’émergence ..

Internet, a Political Issue for Europe (1970's-2010's)

How has the Internet come about in Europe? How did the "network of networks" and ICTs become political stakes for EU institutions? This chapter proposes to shed light on facts, limits and tensions of the building of a political Union in the ICT regulation field. It analyses the role of various stakeholders, from technical experts to ordinary citizens, according to an historical approach structured around three key notions: appropriating, governing and using the Internet. By studying a relatively long period (from the 1970s to the early 2010s), and by observing the Internet as a tool for both internal consolidation, and for asserting the EU on the international stage, we intend to map out the main features and trends that structure the European relationship to the "network of networks". We thus show that the Internet's political dimension encompasses numerous and heterogeneous issues in the European context

Science and Technology Studies Approaches to Web History

International audienceThis chapter discusses how STS approaches can be applied to Web history, to shed further light on it and enrich it. In its first part, the chapter introduces key STS concepts and notions, and links them to case studies and examples drawn from the history of the Web. The second part of the chapter will delve into the governance of the Web as a particularly interesting case study of how STS notions and concepts can be leveraged to advance the analysis of objects and dynamics central to the Web and its history. The chapter shows how a relational, practice-oriented approach, unpacking black boxes, doing a sociology of assemblages, can be implemented to shed light on the Web as a complex and changing socio-technical system

Digital Heritage and Heritagization

In 2016, the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Internet Archive foundation brings to our attention an early initiative of digital preservation and heritagization: no later than five years after the birth of the World Wide Web, and at a moment when it had not yet conquered the general public, Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle was already thinking about its global archiving (Mussou, 2012; Masanès, 2006). This initiative can be connected to the preoccupation of Internet pion..

Patrimoine et patrimonialisation numériques

La célébration en 2016 des vingt ans de la fondation Internet Archive rappelle à notre attention une initiative précoce de conservation et de mise en patrimoine du numérique : à peine cinq années après les premiers développements du World Wide Web, et alors que celui-ci n’avait pas encore gagné le grand public, le fondateur d’Internet Archive, Brewster Kahle, pensait déjà à son archivage mondial (Mussou, 2012 ; Masanès, 2006). Cette initiative peut être rattachée au souci des pionniers de l’..

Paris and Nice terrorist attacks: Exploring Twitter and web archives

International audienceThe attacks suffered by France in January and November 2015, and then in the course of 2016, especially the Nice attack, provoked intense online activity both during the events and in the months that followed. The digital traces left by this reactivity and reactions to events gave rise, from the very first days and even hours after the attacks, to a 'real-time' institutional archiving by the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France, BnF) and the National Audiovisual Institute (Institut national de l'audiovisuel, Ina). The results amount to millions of archived tweets and URLs. This article seeks to highlight some of the most significant issues raised by these relatively unedited corpora, from collection to exploitation, online stream of data to its mediation and re-composition. Indeed, Web archiving practices in times of emergency and crises are significant, almost emblematic, loci to explore the human and technical agencies, and the complex temporalities, of 'born-digital' heritage. The cases examined here emphasize the way these "emergency collections" challenge the perimeters and the very nature of Web archives as part of our digital and societal heritage, and the guiding visions of its governance and mission. Finally, the present analysis emphasizes the need for a careful contextualisation of the design process-both of original web pages or tweets and of their archived images-and of the tools deployed to collect, retrieve and analyse them

Least-Squares Based Adaptive Source Localization with Biomedical Applications

In this thesis, we study certain aspects of signal source/target localization by sensory agents and their biomedical applications. We first focus on a generic distance measurement based problem: Estimation of the location of a signal source by a sensory agent equiped with a distance measurement unit or a team of such a sensory agent. This problem was addressed in some recent studies using a gradient based adaptive algorithm. In this study, we design a least-squares based adaptive algorithm with forgetting factor for the same task. Besides its mathematical background, we perform some simulations for both stationary and drifting target cases. The least-squares based algorithm we propose bears the same asymptotic stability and convergence properties as the gradient algorithm previously studied. It is further demonstrated via simulation studies that the proposed least-squares algorithm converges significantly faster to the resultant location estimates than the gradient algorithm for high values of the forgetting factor, and significantly reduces the noise effects for small values of the forgetting factor. We also focus on the problem of localizing a medical device/implant in human body by a mobile sensor unit (MSU) using distance measurements. As the particular distance measurement method, time of flight (TOF) based approach involving ultra wide-band signals is used, noting the important effects of the medium characteristics on this measurement method. Since human body consists of different organs and tissues, each with a different signal permittivity coefficient and hence a different signal propagation speed, one cannot assume a constant signal propagation speed environment for the aforementioned medical localization problem. Furthermore, the propagation speed is unknown. Considering all the above factors and utilizing a TOF based distance measurement mechanism, we use the proposed adaptive least-square algorithm to estimate the 3-D location of a medical device/implant in the human body. In the design of the adaptive algorithm, we first derive a linear parametric model with the unknown 3-D coordinates of the device/implant and the current signal propagation speed of the medium as its parameters. Then, based on this parametric model, we design the proposed adaptive algorithm, which uses the measured 3-D position of the MSU and the measured TOF as regressor signals. After providing a formal analysis of convergence properties of the proposed localization algorithm, we implement numerical tests to analyze the properties of the localization algorithm, considering two types of scenarios: (1) A priori information regarding the region, e.g quadrant (among upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, lower-right of the human body), of the implant location is available and (2) such a priori information is not available. In (1), assuming knowledge of fixed average relative permittivity for each region, we established that the proposed algorithm converges to an estimate with zero estimation error. Moreover, different white Gaussian noises are added to emulate the TOF measurement disturbances, and it is observed that the proposed algorithm is robust to such noises/disturbances. In (2), although perfect estimation is not achieved, the estimation error is at a low admissible level. In addition, for both cases (1) and (2), forgetting factor effects have been investigated and results show that use of small forgetting factor values reduces noise effects significantly, while use of high forgetting factor values speeds up convergence of the estimation